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On occasion you may want to exchange data with someone else. You'd like to grant that person access to your system (or network) but in such a way that the person has limited access to other areas of the system (or general resources on your network). This article will show you how to setup a chrooted jail that restricts the user to only SFTP on Mac OS X Leopard. It further limits the user so that they cannot traverse the filesystem outside the bounds you specify.
If you the exchange is one way (for example you want someone to be able to download a file), you can sometimes post it to a website and send them the URL. But sometimes you want to be able to exchange files back and forth. Of course for small files, email is the most obvious way to do this these days.
Mac Os X Version 10.5.4 Leopard Server Unlimited Client Free Version
Another way that is increasingly used is to restrict the user to a specific portion of the computer that serves as the exchange intermediate (sometimes called a chrooted jail). FTP servers often offer such a facility, but more often people are moving away from FTP to other mechanisms. There are third party applications such as RSSH that can be used to create chrooted environments using secure transfer methods like SSH. They work, but sometimes they can be difficult to set up (or are not supported on the platform of choice).
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Requirements
Mac Os X Version 10.5.4 Leopard Server Unlimited Client Free Windows
Mac OS X Leopard 10.5.5 or higher
Server or Client version
Remote login enabled (SSH/SFTP)
A user account that is allowed to remotely access the system (in this example the user account name is bubbrubb)
All commands are performed as root (or via sudo). Can you buy games for mac. If root is disabled on your system, you can use sudo or ‘sudo su' to root.
An important restriction for this to work, is that where ever your files exist on the computer the path to those files must be owned and only be writable by root. A simple example:
/foo
The root directory (/) needs to be owned by root, and only writable by root. Similarly the directory foo must also be owned by root and only writable by root. The group and everyone permissions can be readable or executable, just not writable.
Another example. Say you want your files to be stored on a drive separate from your main OS drive:
/Volumes/Storage
Again, /, /Volumes and the volume Storage must all be owned by root and only writable by root.
If you are wondering how a user would write to the disk if only root owns it, I'll explain that in a bit.
Storage Location Setup
For this example we'll use /Volumes/Storage. (Note, you can do this via symlinks too, but for now, we'll just use the disk structure that Mac OS X sets up on disk insertion).
Make a directory for your user:
The above does the following:
1) Create a path to the general storage location that only root can modify. (this will not work, if this isn't true, the connection will outright fail).
2) Create a directory that bubbrubb owns and can write to. We restrict the other permissions so that only user bubbrubb can read and write there (you could log into the server using bubbrubbs account OR modify the group permissions so that others accounts in that group can read and write there too). The important part is that all folders leading up to that one are writable only by root.
SSH Remote Access
First test that the user account you want to restrict can ssh into your system. If that works, then continue. If not, figure out why, then:
Mac Os X Version 10.5.4 Leopard Server Unlimited Client Free Download
Mac Os X Version 10.5.4 Leopard Server Unlimited Client Free Windows
Mac OS X Leopard 10.5.5 or higher
Server or Client version
Remote login enabled (SSH/SFTP)
A user account that is allowed to remotely access the system (in this example the user account name is bubbrubb)
All commands are performed as root (or via sudo). Can you buy games for mac. If root is disabled on your system, you can use sudo or ‘sudo su' to root.
An important restriction for this to work, is that where ever your files exist on the computer the path to those files must be owned and only be writable by root. A simple example:
/foo
The root directory (/) needs to be owned by root, and only writable by root. Similarly the directory foo must also be owned by root and only writable by root. The group and everyone permissions can be readable or executable, just not writable.
Another example. Say you want your files to be stored on a drive separate from your main OS drive:
/Volumes/Storage
Again, /, /Volumes and the volume Storage must all be owned by root and only writable by root.
If you are wondering how a user would write to the disk if only root owns it, I'll explain that in a bit.
Storage Location Setup
For this example we'll use /Volumes/Storage. (Note, you can do this via symlinks too, but for now, we'll just use the disk structure that Mac OS X sets up on disk insertion).
Make a directory for your user:
The above does the following:
1) Create a path to the general storage location that only root can modify. (this will not work, if this isn't true, the connection will outright fail).
2) Create a directory that bubbrubb owns and can write to. We restrict the other permissions so that only user bubbrubb can read and write there (you could log into the server using bubbrubbs account OR modify the group permissions so that others accounts in that group can read and write there too). The important part is that all folders leading up to that one are writable only by root.
SSH Remote Access
First test that the user account you want to restrict can ssh into your system. If that works, then continue. If not, figure out why, then:
Mac Os X Version 10.5.4 Leopard Server Unlimited Client Free Download
Then edit sshd_config commenting out the line:
and adding the line:
Then add a block similar to the follow (substituting the User name for the appropriate name on your system):
On Leopard Server the match criteria take effect immediately (that is you do not need to restart the service), you may need to on Leopard Client. Parallels for mac download.
Note that in the above Match statement we place the user into the directory one level up from where they can write. Remember, that the path that the user logs into by default can only be writable by root. Best typing software for mac. Once the user logs in, they cd to their directory and can then write files there.
User connections and uploading files
First try connecting via ssh:
The connection will hang after you type in your password. Press control-C to cancel the connection. If it goes through some setting didn't take effect.
Then try with sftp:
If you made it this far, then you have successfully set up your chrooted jail.
Notes
Mac Os X Version 10.5.4 Leopard Server Unlimited Client Free Download
This does not appear to work on systems running Leopard earlier than 10.5.5. I tried this using a system running 10.5.4 and it failed. I didn't do an exhaustive test. YMMV.
I can't stress this enough. The path permissions up to and including the entry point for the jail MUST be owned by root and writable only by root. If not, the connection will fail.
Mac Os X Version 10.5.4 Leopard Server Unlimited Client Free Online
You can increase the verbosity of the sftp connection using the -v, -vv, or -vvv flags with SFTP.
Leopard Server Torrent
Confirming everyone's expectations for the week, Apple has finally released the long-awaited Mac OS X 10.5.7 maintenance and security update. Leopard users can download and install the new software right now (either in simple or combo form), for free. The company has also issued a Security Update 2009-002 for Tiger and Leopard-related security issues.
In usual Apple manner, the Mac maker doesn't fully disclose the contents of the update, while support documents only outline the major changes occurring with the software.
About Mac OS X 10.5.7 Update
The 10.5.7 Update is recommended for all users running Mac OS X Leopard and includes general operating system fixes that enhance the stability, compatibility and security of your Mac.
This is all Apple mentions at first glance. The company does, however, link to two support articles detailing the slew of changes, including security tweaks. We will be discussing those in a separate piece. The folks at Macworld have revealed that the list of programs touched by this updater is large. Those are: Address Book (4.1.2), Automator (2.0.3), Dashboard, DVD Player, Exposé, Front Row, iCal (3.0.7), iChat (4.0.8), Mail (3.6), Preview (4.2), Safari 4 Beta, Spaces, Time Machine, Bluetooth File Exchange (2.1.6), RAID Utility (1.0.3), Remote Install Mac OS X, System Profiler (10.5.7; this is updated each cycle), Terminal (2.0.2), and X11.
The System Preferences are also seeing changes (though small) in panels such as Bluetooth, Desktop & Screen Saver, Energy Saver, MobileMe, Parental Controls, Print & Fax, Sound, Startup Disk, Time Machine, Trackpad, and Universal Access, according to the same source.
Mac owners can use one of two methods to update to the new version of Leopard. To perform the update via Leopard's built-in Software Update mechanism, choose Software Update from the Apple menu, select the Mac OS X 10.5.7 Update and hit install for an automatic installation of the software. To perform the update manually, download the standalone installer using the link below, double-click the downloaded package (wait for the hefty 442MB installer to be downloaded completely!) and follow the on-screen instructions.
The Mac OS X 10.5.7 Update is recommended for all versions of Mac OS X 10.5 through 10.5.6. The delta update lets you update from Mac OS X 10.5.6 to 10.5.7. A combo installer lets you update from Mac OS X 10.5, 10.5.1, 10.5.2, 10.5.3, 10.5.4, 10.5.5, or 10.5.6 to 10.5.7, and is available below for free download as well.
